Introduction
The article will analyze the challenges of the cultural variations and the perceptions present in international organizations. It is mainly because the latter has eventually emerged as a key focus of the compliance groups and financial crimes. There has been an upcoming body of research that has been aimed at conceptualizing societal values in several ways (Jou, et al., 2016). Culture has been defined as the forms, values, and meanings, which can be drawn from a particular social society, and they are either partially or independently autonomous from the social setting.
Therefore, cultural patterns emanate, form, and result in these environmental changes and the distinct social structure patterns. Over time, literature has emphasized two major senses of culture: culture in totality and culture opposes not culture. The latter majorly explains the abstraction present where there is an artificial separation of the drivers and constraints that contribute to the societal social action. In contrast, the former has it that culture is defined individually concerning a particular state or society's norms.
Research has tried to explain whether culture can be viewed an s a perpetrator of white-collar crime. It further tries to establish whether or not culture variation should be an independent variable affecting the rate of white-collar crime ways (Jou, et al., 2016). Generalization would include categories culture as one of the key perpetrators of which collar jobs, but the elusiveness of adequate data demands otherwise. That is the development of credible claims that support this assertion.
Also, White-collar criminality is unlawful infringements of personal or corporate income obligations or public confidence. It is one or more non-physical activities that are performed to acquire property and a good amount of money for the sole purpose of earning personal and or business benefits. Because of its typical correlation with social control compared to other forms of crime, crimes from the white-collar section is a special criminal field. In its connection to status, incentive, and accessibility, white-collar crime is characterized. That is the prospect of the convict.
Through comparison, white-collar crime aggressive methods emphasize the behavior and essence of criminal activity as identifying agents. In conjunction with the two methods, researchers explore how criminal principles illustrate social traits like high social standing, control, and the actor's respectability (Goel et al., 2019). Because in certain regulations, the position of crime interventions is not included in the concept and status is free to differ regardless of the specification, offense intended framework helps status indicators develop into external explanatory variables—the white-collar crime approach using the viewpoint of potential.
Some of these credible claims include the nature of the crimes reported from the white-collar sectors and the complexity associated with the perpetrators' strength and power, which means that only minor and unrepresented offenses go down in record officially. The other challenge circulating the white-collar crime is the underreporting concerning more severe offenses that require intense disciplinary action (Van Slyke, et al., 2016). Furthermore, victims of these white-collar crimes are always unaware that they are victimized, which affects their esteem and self-dignity at workplaces. The research should also be intense in such an area of victimization because people who fall prey often take time to discover it. Once it is discovered, it also takes a considerable time to heal from these kinds of wounds.
Furthermore, significant white-collar crime theory notes that companies have various cultures that are somewhat tolerant of law infringements to benefit the business (Goel et al., 2019). This theory is intended to explain why college-educated, reasonably wealthy, and traditional people would commit crimes in white-collar jobs. It can be overcome by posing those certain companies if it helps the corporation, look the other way to ethical and legal breaches and thus create a culture of breach of rules learned as another business practice is learned. It is also a matter of the fact that people are not doing their job well.
How Organizational and Cultural Factors affect White Collar Crime.
Case Study: The Case of Guanxi
The sociologist Edwin Sutherland was among the most impactful criminologists in the 20th century. In his essay, Dr. Sutherland described White-Collar Crime as roughly a crime being committed during his career by an individual of respectability and social status. Although many of the major white-collar crimes in the US have been committed by people that match this definition, others have been perpetrated by ordinary citizens (Van Slyke, et al., 2016). For instance, identity crimes. Those seeking to maintain living other or attempting to scale a social ladder often confine theft, cheese fraud, and malfeasance. Although in some way related, the system in China is dissimilar.
Even though China has moved from a state-controlled economy towards a market-oriented economy since 1979, China's finance industry is not autonomous from either the influence of government and politics. The Communist Regime and gov't still have considerable power in business. This power often provides party and/or government leaders with a chance to discuss conduct that profits them or their relatives (Pontell, et al., 2019). In China, more prevalent kinds of crime entail bribery and corruption.
Zhang (2001) offers examples of both individuals of bribery and corruption levels of foundation and organization. He contends that Chinese authorities confirmed this is an opportunity and it’s quite remote to get caught, and that's because the abuse of power gives a great deal of space to political culture; although caught, any punishment or penalty would affect the "face." Government and governmental damage; and corruption and bribery are perceived as a standard practice, and punishment of a corrupt politician signifies "good luck." Moreover, the social entitlement of formal social status is thought to exist.
It is important to remember that there can be many downfalls, with all the advantages of doing business in China. China has its distinctive enterprise environment, and it is important to any company seeking success to understand the complexities of the social, legal, and political environment. The huge number of different white-colored crimes is one of the main concerns in China's corporate sector. The state itself, the Communist Party's corruption, and executive branch authorities' personal implication in specific crimes are part of the white-collar crime issue. Discrepancies in criminal punishment are also attributed to the ruling party.
The increased amount of money invested in these crimes is an obvious sign of the magnitude of the white cock crime in China. The tactic used to put up with those crimes will be mentioned before looking at some instances of white-collar crimes committed in China. First level control (political) is carried out in the CCP (Levi, M. 2019). The Central Supervisory and Disciplinary Committee was established in 1979 and are responsible for officials' investigation and disciplinary behavior. This council also means that a person is to submit research to the judicial system. In this situation, the second level of control is taken over, and it is the Chinese Prosecutor's office with the necessary local agencies and departments. The agency of the Government responsible. The third degree of control is more recent and primarily involves administrative intervention. As China diverts to a free-market economy from a planned one, the government's attention has been fighting fraud, malfunction, and other financial crimes.
There are distinct classes of white-collar crime that affect the global market place (Shover, 1998). These forms result from the actions of both individuals and corporations, and they are perpetrated by the cultural variations in the place of setting. The crimes can then be categorized into two broad segments; that is individual crimes and corporate crimes. Individual crimes are those financial mistakes that are committed by either a person or a group of individuals. Such crimes include the Ponzi schemes, identity hacking and theft, hacking, and counterfeiting.
Corporate crimes are those that occur at the organization or corporate level. They involve several offenders who are united in an organization like structure who work together to achieve their criminal missions. The major contributing factor to these crimes is the Internet. Technology has come along with several advantages and also has many disadvantages associated with it. Cybercrime has been supported by technology in Phishing incidents, which means obtaining information about a particular person illegally.
There exist striking differences between individuals and corporations' actions as a whole in the global marketplace. Actions carried out by individuals are treated as a personal initiative, and therefore, they do not earn a severe punishment like those crimes committed at the corporate level (Van Slyke, et al., 2016). The corporate level crimes are planned and strategized over time and will cause much more havoc, though not in all instances, than individual crimes. The other differences that individual criminal action will partly affect the company in the market place but the one committed at the corporate level will eventually lead the whole organization to crumble due to lack of trust and the fear instilled in the investors and other business partners.
Conclusion
As Beijing is much more critical in contemporary global economic growth and integration, it seeks a single route to merge capitalism and socialism to find an alternative approach to prosperity. If the Chinese market continues to contribute to globalization and Chinese culture can co-exist with other nations, whose people can harbor various philosophical and ethical views and perspectives, the world, which comprises several diverse cultures, will continue to be further enhanced. It may lead to confusion or misunderstanding to disregard other societies' uniqueness or differences as to how social views are regulated and disseminated. This, in turn, may prevent organizations and/or countries from communicating and cooperating effectively and successfully with their international business partners.
It may be difficult for people in Western societies such as the US to understand why white color crime is so prevalent in China, as cultures and traditions are solidification and sometimes misunderstood. Many of these crimes are also viewed in China as civilized for retirement or witnesses to employees. Cultural variations contribute much to white-collar crimes because of the existing forms and ways of carrying out the various duties at work. The setting of the corporate organization also matters much in the perpetration of these crimes. Therefore, cultural patterns emanate, form, and result in these environmental changes and the distinct social structure patterns. Over time, literature has emphasized two major senses of culture: culture in totality and culture opposes not culture. The latter majorly explains the abstraction present where there is an artificial separation of the drivers and constraints that contribute to the societal social action. In contrast, the former has it that culture is defined individually concerning a particular state or society's norms. Research has tried to explain whether culture can be viewed an s a perpetrator of white-collar crime.
